Surgical cases, diagnosis and treatment

Knowledge for Practice, interactive discussion, cases and diagnosis in general surgery, management and differential diagnosis.

#Clinical diagnosis :
+ Full blood count.
+ Urine analysis
+ Biochemical analysis

#Instrumental diagnosis.

- Ultrasound
- X-rays findings
- CT scan
- MRT

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Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone) is one of the main regulators of calcium in the blood. This hormone is very useful information for: parathyroid disease (primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, autoimmune hypoparathyroidism), osteoporosis, calcium content disorders (hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia). Parathyroid hormone is a protein that is synthesized in the parathyroid glands. It main function is to regulate calcium metabolism in the body. When the level of calcium in the blood falls, the parathyroid hormone increases to raise the calcium concentration in the blood by sending signals to the bone to: 1. inhibit collagen synthesis in active osteoblasts; 2. activate osteolysis by osteocytes; 3. increase osteolysis by the osteoclasts; 4. increase in the rate of maturation of progenitor cells, differentiating into osteoblasts and osteoclasts. As a result, the calcium level in the blood rises. However, one of...

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Definition Aetiology Pathogenesis Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Epidemiology § The third leading cause of death in the US § Every year about 600000 patients are admitted with PE ( 30% with mortality!) § 60% of patients who died in hospitals, show signs of thromboembolic disease § 5 out of 1000 patients who died after large operations, their cause of death was PE In Russia • about 240 000 cases of venous thrombosis is reported every year • PE has affected more than 100 000 people Risk factors • Prolonged bed rest; • The postoperative period; • Heart failure; • Obesity; • Malignant tumors of internal organs ; • ...

Colon cancer

Colon cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the large intestine that comes from the epithelial tissue (most often account is adenocarcinoma). Colon cancer is usually present with the presence of blood in the stool or with complaints of gastrointestinal symptoms. The screening method of examination of the colon is the determine traces of blood in the faeces. Colon cancers is often diagnosed with the help of a colonoscopy and biopsy. The most effective method for treatment of colon cancers is surgery. Chemotherapy is used after surgery in the presence of metastasis in the lymph nodes. Epidemiology of the colon About 3-5% of world population is diagnosed of colorectal cancer (CRC) during their life time. According to the World Health Organization, 940,000 people fall ill every year and 500,000 of them die from colon cancer. Statistics show that me n get cancer of the rectum 1.5 times more often than women. In screening for colon cancer of the ...

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